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    • 专利摘要:
    Symbol transmission in a mimo environment using alamouti-based codes A method is presented for the transmission or retransmission of data in a multi-input, multiple-output wireless communication using space-time block encoding, in which a mapping table maps a plurality of symbols for antennas and transmission resources, which can be time slots or ofdm subbands. the mapping table comprises nesting of alamouti encoded primary segments; that is, alamouti encoding at the symbol level, within child segments which may include alamouti encoding of primary segments.
    公开号:BR112012004799B1
    申请号:R112012004799-0
    申请日:2010-09-01
    公开日:2021-06-15
    发明作者:Robert Novak；Hosein Nikopourdeilami；Mo-Han Fong；Sophie Vrzic
    申请人:Apple Inc；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    CROSS REFERENCE FOR RELATED ORDERS
    [0001] This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. US 61/239,144 filed September 2, 2009, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
    [0002] This application is a continuation in part of the non-provisional application (serial number tbd), resulting from the conversion under 37 CFR § 1.53(c)(3) of provisional patent application No. US 61/239,144 filed 02 of September 2009, which claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. US 61/094,152 filed on September 4, 2008. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
    [0003] This application refers to wireless communication techniques, in general, and more specifically, for the transmission of a symbol in a MIMO scheme, using Alamouti codes. FUNDAMENTALS
    [0004] The demand for services in which data is delivered over a wireless connection has grown in recent years and is expected to continue to grow. These include applications where data is delivered via cellular or other mobile telephony, personal communications systems (PCS) and high definition television (HDTV) or digital. Although demand for these services is growing, the channel bandwidth over which data can be delivered is limited. Therefore, it is desirable to provide data at high speeds over this limited bandwidth in an efficient as well as cost-effective manner.
    [0005] One approach known to efficiently deliver high speed data over a channel is using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). High speed data signals are divided into tens or hundreds of low speed signals that are transmitted in parallel over respective frequencies within a radio frequency (RF) which are known as subcarrier frequencies ("subcarriers"). The frequency spectra of the subcarriers overlap so that the spacing between them is minimized. The subcarriers are also orthogonal to each other so that they are statistically independent and do not create crosstalk or otherwise interfere with each other. As a result, channel bandwidth is used much more efficiently than in conventional single-carrier transmission schemes such as AM/FM (amplitude or frequency modulation).
    [0006] Time Space Transmit Diversity (STTD) can achieve symbol level diversity which significantly improves link performance. STTD code is said to be “perfect”', therefore, in the sense that it achieves full time-space encoding rate (time-space encoding rate = 1, also called rate-1), and is orthogonal. When the number of transmit antennas is greater than 2, however, rate-1 orthogonal codes do not exist.
    [0007] One approach to providing the most efficient use of channel bandwidth is to transmit the data using a base station with multiple antennas and receive the data transmitted through a remote station having multiple receiving antennas, called multiple-input-multiple outputs (MIMO). MIMO technologies have been proposed for the next generation of wireless cellular systems, such as third generation partnership design standards (3GPP). Because multiple antennas are deployed on both transmitters and receivers, higher capacity or transmission rates can be achieved.
    [0008] When using MIMO systems to transmit packets, if a received packet has an error, the receiver can demand a retransmission of the same packet. Systems are known to provide packet symbols to be mapped differently than the original broadcast.
    [0009] Methods for transmitting symbols in a MIMO environment have been described in PCT International Patent Application no. PCT/CA2005/001976 bearing publication no. WO 2006/076787. This application is incorporated herein by reference.
    [00010] In a closed loop system, the packet receiver may also indicate to the transmitter the best retransmission format mapping.
    [00011] In known systems, there is a possibility that certain symbol mappings are ineffective in overcoming interference.
    [00012] Thus there is a need for improved ways to facilitate MIMO retransmissions. ABSTRACT
    [00013] According to a first broad aspect a method for transmitting data in a space-time coded communication of multiple input multiple output is provided. The method comprises transmitting a plurality of symbol sets over a common plurality of antennas and respective transmission resources in accordance with a mapping table, the mapping table mapping a plurality of symbols defining communication to the respective antennas among a plurality of transmit antennas and for at least one other transmission resource. The transmission comprises transmission symbols which form at least a part of a segment level Alamouti code in the mapping table.
    [00014] According to a second broad aspect a method for transmitting data in a space-time coded multi-input multiple-output communication is provided. The method comprises defining a mapping table for mapping a plurality of symbols defining communication to respective antennas from among a plurality of transmit antennas and to at least one other transmission resource. The method further comprises filling the mapping table by defining a plurality of primary segments of the mapping table, each of the plurality of primary segments comprising a plurality of components corresponding to the individual symbol transmissions together defining a symbol-level Alamouti code ; and defining a secondary segment of the mapping table, the secondary segment comprising a plurality of primary segments together defining a segment-level Alamouti code. The method further comprises transmitting the symbols in the mapping table with the plurality of antennas according to the mapping table.
    [00015] Aspects and features of the present patent application will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of a disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and appendices. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [00016] Modalities of the present application will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
    [00017] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a cellular communication system;
    [00018] Figure 2 is a block diagram of an example base station that can be used to implement some embodiments of the present application;
    [00019] Figure 3 is a block diagram of an example wireless terminal that can be used to implement some embodiments of the present application;
    [00020] Figure 4 is a block diagram of an example relay station that can be used to implement some embodiments of the present application;
    [00021] Figure 5 is a block diagram of a logical separation of an example OFDM transmitter architecture that can be used to implement some modalities of the present application;
    [00022] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a logical separation of an example OFDM receiver architecture that can be used to implement some embodiments of the present application;
    [00023] Figure 7 is figure 1 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003rl, an example of global network architecture;
    [00024] Figure 8 is Figure 2 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003rl, a relay station in the global network architecture;
    [00025] Figure 9 is figure 3 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003rl, a System Reference Model;
    [00026] Figure 10 is figure 4 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003rl, the IEEE 802.16m Protocol Structure;
    [00027] Figure 11 is figure 5 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003r1, The Data Plane Processing Flow of IEEE 802.16m MS / BS;
    [00028] Figure 12 is figure 6 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003rl, The Control Plane Processing Flow of IEEE 802.16m MS / BS;
    [00029] Figure 13 is figure 7 of IEEE 802.16m-08/003rl, generic protocol architecture to support the multicarrier system;
    [00030] Figure 14 is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating a symbol level Alamouti code;
    [00031] Figure 15 is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating two symbol-level Alamouti codes;
    [00032] Figure 16 is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating two symbol level Alamouti codes;
    [00033] Figure 17A is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating segment-level Alamouti code;
    [00034] Figure 17B is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating a segment level Alamouti code and symbol level Alamouti codes;
    [00035] Figure 17C is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating a segment level Alamouti code and symbol level Alamouti codes;
    [00036] Figure 18 is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating two levels of segment level Alamouti codes and symbol level Alamouti codes;
    [00037] Figure 19 is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating a partial segment level Alamouti codes; and
    [00038] Figure 20 is a graphical illustration of a mapping table illustrating symbol-level and segment-level Alamouti codes.
    [00039] Similar reference numbers are used in different figures to designate similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
    [00040] Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a base station controller (BSC) 10, which controls wireless communications within multiple cells 12, such cells are served by corresponding base stations (BS) 14. In some configurations, each cell is divided into multiple sectors 13 or zones (not shown). In general, each BS 14 facilitates communication using OFDM with subscriber stations (SS) 16 which can be any entity capable of communicating with the base station, and can include mobile and/or wireless terminals or fixed terminals that are within of cell 12 associated with the corresponding BS 14. If SSs 16 move relative to BSs 14, this movement results in significant fluctuation of channel conditions. As illustrated, the BSs 14 and SSs 16 may include multiple antennas to provide spatial diversity for communications. In some configurations, relay stations 15 can aid communication between BSs 14 and wireless terminals 16. SS 16 can be transferred 18 from any cell 12, sector 13, zone (not shown), BS 14 or relay 15 to a another cell 12, sector 13, zone (not shown), BS 14 or relay 5. In some configurations, BSs 14 communicate with each other and with another network (such as a core network or the Internet, both not shown) by over a backhaul network 11. In some configurations, a base station controller 10 is not required.
    [00041] Referring to Figure 2, an example of a BS 14 is illustrated. The BS 14 generally includes a control system 20, a baseband processor 22, transmit circuits 24, receive circuits 26, various antennas 28, and a network interface 30. Receive circuits 26 receive radio frequency signals that they carry the information from one or more transmitters provided by SSs 16 (shown in Figure 3) and relay stations 15 (shown in Figure 4). A low-noise amplifier and filter (not shown) can cooperate to amplify and remove wideband interference from the signal for processing. Digitizing and converting circuits below (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered received signal to an intermediate frequency or baseband signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams.
    [00042] Baseband processors 22 process the received digitized signal to extract the information or data bits transmitted in the received signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. As such, baseband processor 22 is generally applied to one or more digital signal processors (DSP) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). The received information is then sent over a wireless network via the network interface 30 or transmitted to another SS 16 served by the BS 14, either directly or with the aid of a relay 15.
    [00043] On the transmit side, the baseband processor 22 receives the digitized data, which may represent voice, data or control information, from the network interface 30 under the control of the control system 20, and encodes the data for transmission. The encoded data is returned to transmission circuit 24, where it is modulated by one or more carrier signals with a desired transmission frequency, or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signals to a level suitable for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signals to antennas 28 through a corresponding network (not shown). Modulation and processing details are described in more detail below.
    [00044] Referring to Figure 3, an example of a subscriber station (SS) 16 is illustrated. SS 16 can be, for example, a mobile station. Similar to BS 14, SS 16 will include a control system 32, a baseband processor 34, transmit circuits 36, receive circuits 38, multiple antennas 40, and user interface circuits 42. The receive circuits 38 receive radio frequency signals carrying information from one or more BSs 14 and relays 15. A low-noise amplifier and filter (not shown) can cooperate to amplify and remove broadband interference from the signal for processing. Digitizing and converting circuits below (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered received signal to an intermediate frequency or baseband signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams.
    [00045] Baseband processors 34 process the received digitized signal to extract the information or data bits transmitted in the received signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. Baseband processor 34 is generally applied to one or more digital signal processors (DSP) and application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC). For transmission, baseband processor 34 receives digitized data, which may represent voice, video, data or control information, from control system 32, which it encodes for transmission. The encoded data is returned to transmission circuit 36, where it is used by a modulator to modulate one or more carrier signals that are at a desired transmission frequency, or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signals to a level suitable for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signal to antennas 40 through a corresponding network (not shown). Modulation and various processing techniques available to those skilled in the art are used for signal transmission between the SS and the base station, either directly or through the relay station.
    [00046] In OFDM modulation, the transmission band is divided into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier is modulated according to the digital data to be transmitted. Because OFDM divides the transmission bandwidth into multiple subcarriers, the bandwidth per carrier decreases and the modulation time per carrier increases. Since multiple subcarriers are transmitted in parallel, the baud rate for digital data, or symbols (discussed later), on any given subcarrier is less than when a single carrier is used.
    [00047] OFDM modulation uses the performance of a Fast Inverse Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the information being transmitted. For demodulation, performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the received signal retrieves the transmitted information. In practice, IFFT and FFT are provided through digital signal processing by performing an Inverted Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), respectively. Therefore, the feature of characterization of OFDM modulation is that orthogonal subcarriers are generated for multiple bands within a transmission channel. Modulated signals are digital signals with a relatively low transmission rate and capable of remaining within their respective bands. The individual subcarrier is not directly modulated by digital signals. Instead, all subcarriers are modulated at least once by IFFT processing.
    [00048] In operation, OFDM is preferably used for at least downlink transmission from BSs 14 to SSs 16. Each BS 14 is equipped with "n" transmit antennas 28 (n>=1), and each SS 16 is equipped with 40 "m" receiving antennas (m>=1). Notably, the respective antennas can be used for reception and transmission using appropriate duplexers or switches and are so labeled for clarity purposes only.
    [00049] When relay stations 15 are used, OFDM is preferably used for downlink transmission from BSs 14 to relays 15 and from relay stations 15 to SSs 16.
    [00050] Referring to Figure 4, an example of a relay station 15 is illustrated. Similar to BS 14, and SS 16, relay station 15 will include a control system 132, a baseband processor 134, transmit circuits 36, receive circuits 138, various antennas 130, and relay circuits 42. Relay circuits 142 enable relay 14 to assist in communication between a base station 16 and SSs 16. Receive circuits 38 receive radio frequency signals that carry information from one or more BSs 14 and SSs 16. An amplifier of low noise and a filter (not shown) can cooperate to amplify and remove wideband interference from the signal for processing. Digitizing and converting circuits below (not shown) will then downconvert the filtered received signal to an intermediate frequency or baseband signal, which is then digitized into one or more digital streams.
    [00051] Baseband processors 134 process the received digitized signal to extract the information or data bits transmitted in the received signal. This processing typically comprises demodulation, decoding, and error correction operations. Baseband processor 134 is generally applied to one or more digital signal processors (DSP) and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
    [00052] For transmission, baseband processor 134 receives digitized data, which may represent voice, video, data or control information, from control system 132, which it encodes for transmission. The encoded data is returned to transmission circuit 136, where it is used by a modulator to modulate one or more carrier signals that are at a desired transmission frequency, or frequencies. A power amplifier (not shown) will amplify the modulated carrier signals to a level suitable for transmission, and deliver the modulated carrier signal to antennas 130 through a corresponding network (not shown). Modulation and various processing techniques available to those skilled in the art are used for signal transmission between the SS and the base station, either directly or indirectly via a relay station, as described above.
    [00053] With reference to Figure 5, a logical OFDM transmission architecture will be described. Initially, the base station controller 10 will send data to be transmitted for several SSs 16 to the BS 14, either directly or with the aid of a relay station 15. The BS 14 can use the associated channel quality information with the SSs to schedule the data for transmission, as well as select proper encoding and modulation to transmit the scheduled data. Channel quality is found using control signals as described in more detail below. Generally speaking, however, the channel quality for each SS 16 is a function of the degree to which the channel amplitude (or response) varies across the OFDM frequency band.
    [00054] Scheduled data 44, which is a bit stream, is scrambled in a manner reducing the peak-to-average power ratio associated with the data using data scrambling logic 46. A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) for the scrambled data can be determined and appended to the scrambled data using 48 CRC addition logic. Then channel encoding is performed using 50 channel encoder logic to effectively add redundancy to the data to facilitate recovery and error correction in SS 16. Again, channel encoding for a given SS 16 can be based on channel quality. In some implementations, channel encoder logic 50 uses known Turbo encoding techniques. The encoded data is then processed by rate matching logic 52 to compensate for data expansion associated with encoding.
    [00055] Bit interleaver logic 54 systematically reorders the bits in the encoded data to minimize the loss of consecutive data bits. The resulting data bits are systematically mapped into corresponding symbols depending on the modulation scheme chosen by the mapping logic 56. The modulation scheme can be, for example, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), Phase Shift Key modulation in Quadrature (QPSK) or Differential Phase Shift Switching (DPSK) of. For data transmission, the degree of modulation can be chosen based on the channel quality for the particular SS. Symbols can be systematically reordered to further enhance the immunity of the transmitted signal to periodic data loss caused by frequency selective fading using symbol interleaver logic 58.
    [00056] At this point, the groups of bits have been mapped into symbols that represent locations in a constellation of amplitude and phase. When spatial diversity is desired, the symbol blocks are then processed by space-time block code (STC) coder logic 60, which modifies the symbols in a manner making the transmitted signals more resistant to interference and more readily decoded into an SS 16. The STC encoder logic 60 will process the input symbols and provide "n" outputs corresponding to the number of transmit antennas 28 to the BS 14. The control system 20 and/or baseband processor 22, such as described above with respect to Figure 5 will provide a mapping control signal to control the STC encoding. At this point, it is assumed that the symbols for the "n" outputs are representative of the data to be transmitted and capable of being retrieved by the SS 16.
    [00057] For the present example, it is assumed that the BS 14 has two antennas 28 (n = 2) and the STC encoder logic 60 provides two symbol output streams. Therefore, each of the symbol streams returned by the STC encoder logic 60 is sent to a corresponding IFFT processor 62, illustrated separately for ease of understanding. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more processors can be used to provide such digital signal processing, alone or in combination with other processing described herein. IFFT processors 62 will preferably operate on the respective symbols to provide an Inverse Fourier Transform. The output of the IFFT 62 processors provides the symbols in the time domain. The symbols in the time domain are grouped into frames, which are associated with a prefix by prefix insertion logic 64. Each of the resulting signals is upconverted in the digital domain to an intermediate frequency and converted to an analog signal via the signal circuitry. digital-to-analog conversion (D/A) and corresponding digital up-conversion (DUC) 66. The resulting (analog) signals are then simultaneously modulated to the desired RF frequency, amplified, and transmitted through RF circuits 68 and antennas 28 Notably, pilot signals known by the destined SS 16 are spread among the subcarriers. The SS 16 will be able to use the pilot signals for channel estimation.
    [00058] Reference is now made to Figure 6 to illustrate the reception of signals transmitted by an SS 16, either directly from BS 14 or with the aid of relay 15. Upon arrival of the signals transmitted in each of the antennas 40 of the SS 16, the respective signals are demodulated and amplified by a corresponding RF circuit 70. For the sake of brevity and clarity, only one of the two reception paths is described and illustrated in detail. downconverter circuits and analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 72 digitizes and downconverts the analog signal for digital processing. The resulting digitized signal can be used by an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit 74 to control the gain of amplifiers in the RF circuits 70 based on the level of the received signal. Initially, the digitized signal is provided to sync logic 76, which includes coarse sync logic 78, which buffers several OFDM symbols and calculates an auto-correlation between the two successive OFDM symbols. A resulting time index corresponding to the maximum of the correlation result determines a fine-sync search window, which is used by fine-sync logic 80 to determine an accurate framing start position based on the headers. The output of fine sync logic 80 facilitates frame acquisition by frame alignment logic 84. Correct frame alignment is important so that subsequent FFT processing provides an accurate conversion from time domain to frequency domain. The fine synchronization algorithm is based on the correlation between the received pilot signals carried by the headers and a local copy of the known pilot data. Once frame alignment acquisition takes place, the OFDM symbol prefix is removed with the prefix removal logic 86 and the resulting samples are sent to the frequency offset correction logic 88, which compensates the frequency offset. caused by mismatched local oscillators in the transmitter and receiver. Preferably, synchronization logic 76 includes frequency offset and clock estimation logic 82, which relies on the headers to help estimate such effects on the transmitted signal and provide these estimates to correction logic 88 to properly process OFDM symbols. .
    [00059] At this point, the OFDM symbols in the time domain are ready for conversion to the frequency domain using FFT processing logic 90. The results are frequency domain symbols, which are sent to processing logic 92. The logic processing 92 extracts the scattered pilot signal using scattered pilot extraction logic 94, determines a channel estimate based on the extracted pilot signal using channel estimate logic 96, and provides channel responses for all subcarriers using reconstruction logic. channel 98. In order to determine a channel response for each of the subcarriers, the pilot signal is essentially multiple pilot symbols which are spread among the data symbols over the OFDM subcarriers in a known pattern in terms of time and frequency. Continuing with Figure 6, the processing logic compares the received pilot symbols with the pilot symbols that are expected on certain subcarriers at certain times to determine a channel response for the subcarriers on which the pilot symbols were transmitted. The results are interpolated to estimate a channel response for most, if not all, remaining subcarriers for which pilot symbols were not provided. The real and interpolated channel responses are used to estimate a global channel response, which includes the channel responses for most, if not all, of the subcarriers in the OFDM channel.
    [00060] Frequency domain symbols and channel reconstruction information which are derived from the channel responses for each receive path are provided to an STC decoder 100, which provides STC decoding on both received paths to retrieve the symbols transmitted. The channel reconstruction information provides equalization information to the STC decoder 100 sufficient to remove the effects of the transmission channel when processing the respective frequency domain symbols.
    [00061] The retrieved symbols are put back in order to use symbol de-interleaver logic 102, which corresponds to symbol interleaver logic 58 of the transmitter. The de-interleaved symbols are then demodulated or de-mapped to a corresponding bit stream using de-mapping logic 104. The bits are then de-interleaved using bit de-interleaver logic 106, which corresponds to the bit-interleaver logic. bits 54 of the transmitter architecture. The de-interleaved bits are then processed by rate matching logic 108 and presented to channel decoder logic 110 to retrieve the initially scrambled data and CRC checksum. Thus, the CRC logic 112 removes the CRC checksum, checks the scrambled data in the traditional way, and provides it to the de-scramble logic 114 to de-scramble using the base station's known de-scramble code to retrieve the scrambled data. data originally transmitted 116.
    [00062] In parallel with data retrieval 116, a CQI signal comprising an indication of the channel quality, or at least sufficient information to derive some knowledge of channel quality to the BS 14, is determined and transmitted to the BS 14. The transmission of the CQI signal will be described in more detail below. As noted above, the CQI can be a function of the carrier-to-interference (CR) ratio, as well as the degree to which the channel response varies among the various sub-carriers in the OFDM frequency band. For example, the channel gain for each subcarrier in the OFDM frequency band being used to transmit information can be compared against each other to determine the degree to which the channel gain varies over the OFDM frequency band. Although numerous techniques are available for measuring the degree of variation, one technique is to calculate the standard deviation of the channel gain for each subcarrier across the entire OFDM frequency band being used to transmit data. In some embodiments, a relay station may operate in a time division fashion using only one radio, or alternatively include multiple radios.
    [00063] Figures 1-6 provide a specific example of a communication system that can be used to implement application modalities. It should be understood that application modalities can be implemented with communications systems with architectures that are different than the specific example, but that operate in a manner consistent with the application modalities as described herein.
    [00064] Turning now to Figure 7, an example network reference model is shown, which is a logical representation of a network that supports wireless communications between the aforementioned BSs 14, SSs 16 and relay stations (RSs) 15, in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention. The network reference model identifies the functional entities and reference points upon which interoperability is ensured between these functional entities. Specifically, the network reference model may include an SS 16, an access service network (ASN), and a connectivity service network (SNC).
    [00065] ASN can be defined as a complete set of network functions necessary to provide radio access to a subscriber (eg an IEEE 802.16e/m subscriber). The ASN may comprise network elements, such as one or more BSs 14, and one or more ASN gateways. An ASN can be shared by more than one CSN. The ASN can provide the following functions: Cama Layer-1 and Layer-2 connectivity with the SS 16;AA AAA message transfer to subscriber's Home Network Service Provider (H-NSP) for authentication, authorization and accounting of session for subscriber sessions□ Discovery and selection of subscriber's preferred NSP network;□ Relay functionality for establishing Layer-3 (L3) connectivity to SS 16 (eg IP address allocation);□ Management of radio resources.
    [00066] In addition to the above functions, for a portable and mobile environment, an ASN can continue to support the following functions:□ ASN anchored mobility ;□ CSN anchored mobility ;□ Paging;□ ASN-CSN tunneling.
    [00067] In turn, CSN can be defined as a set of network functions that provide IP connectivity services to the subscriber. CSN can provide the following functions:□ MS IP address and endpoint parameter allocation for user sessions;□ Proxy or AAA server;□ Admission Policy and Control based on user subscription profiles;□ Tunneling support ASN-CSN;□ Subscriber billing and inter-operator settlement;□ Inter-CSN tunneling for roaming;□ Inter-ASN mobility.
    [00068] CSN may provide services such as location-based services, connectivity to point-to-point services, provisioning, authorization and/or connectivity to IP multimedia services. CSN can further understand network elements such as routers, proxy / AAA servers, user databases, and interworking gateway MSs. In the context of IEEE 802.16m, the CSN can be deployed as part of an IEEE 802.16m NSP or as part of an IEEE 802.16e NSP incumbent.
    [00069] Additionally, RSs 15 can be used to provide better coverage and/or capacity. Referring to Figure 8, a BS 14 that is capable of supporting a previous RS communicates with the previous RS in the "previous zone". BS 14 is not required to support the above protocol in the "16m zone". The relay protocol design could be based on the IEEE 802 - 6j design, although it may differ from the IEEE 802-16j protocols used in the "previous zone".
    [00070] Referring now to Figure 9, a system reference model is represented, which applies to both SS 16 and BS 14 and includes several functional blocks, including a Medium Access Control common part sublayer ( MAC), a convergence sublayer, a security sublayer, and a physical layer (PHY).
    [00071] The convergence sublayer performs the mapping of external network data received through SAP CS into MAC SDUs received by CPS MAC through SAP MAC, classification of external network SDUs and associates them to SFID and CID MAC, suppression / payload header compression (PHS).
    [00072] The security sublayer performs authentication and exchange of security and encryption keys.
    [00073] The physical layer performs protocol and physical layer functions.
    [00074] The MAC common part sublayer is now described in more detail. First, it will be appreciated that Media Access Control (MAC) is connection oriented. This means that, for the purposes of mapping services on the SS 16 and associating varying levels of QoS, data communications are carried out in the context of "Connections". In particular, "service streams" can be provided when the SS 16 is installed in the system. Shortly after SS 16 registration, connections are associated with these service flows (one connection per service flow) to provide a reference against which to request bandwidth. Also, new connections can be established when a customer's service needs changes. A connection defines both the mapping between peer convergence processes using MAC and a service flow. The service flow defines the QoS parameters for the MAC protocol data units (PDUs) that are exchanged on the connection. Thus, service flows are an integral part of the bandwidth allocation process. Specifically, SS 16 requests uplink bandwidth on a per-connection basis (implicitly identifying the service flow). Bandwidth may be granted by the BS to an MS as an aggregate of guarantees in response to per-connection requests from the MS.
    [00075] With further reference to Figure 10, the MAC Common Part Sublayer (CPS) is classified into Radio Resource Control and Management (RRCM) functions and Media Access Control (MAC) functions.
    [00076] The RRCM functions include several function blocks that are related to the radio resource functions, such as: recursos Radio resource management Mobility management□ Network entry management□ Location management□ Idle Mode management□ Management Security□ System Configuration Management□ MBS (Broadcast and Multicast service)□ Workflow and Connection Management□ Relay function□ Self-organize□ Multicarrier Radio Resource Management
    [00077] The Radio Resource Management block adjusts radio network parameters based on traffic volume, and also includes load control (load balancing), admission control and interference control function. Mobility Management
    [00078] The Mobility Management block supports the functions related to Intra-RAT / Inter-RAT transfer. The Mobility Management block handles the acquisition of IntraRAT / Inter-RAT network topology that includes advertising and metering, manages target neighbor candidate BSs / RSs and also decides whether the MS performs Intra-RAT / Inter-transfer operation. RAT. Network Input Management
    [00079] The Network Entry Management block is responsible for initialization and access procedures. The Network Entry Management block can generate management messages, which are necessary during access procedures, ie, variation, basic capacity negotiation, registration, and so on. Location Management
    [00080] The Location Management block is responsible for supporting location-based service (LBS). The Location Management block can generate messages including LBS information. Idle Mode Management
    [00081] Idle Mode Management block manages the location update operation during idle mode. The Idle Mode Management block controls the idle mode operation, and generates the paging advertisement message based on paging controller paging message on the core network side. Security Management
    [00082] The Security Management block is responsible for authentication/authorization and key management for secure communications. System Configuration Management
    [00083] The System Configuration Management block manages the system configuration parameters and system parameters and system configuration information for transmission to the MS. MBS (broadcast and multicast service)
    [00084] MBS (Broadcast and Multicast Service) block controls management messages and data associated with broadcast and/or multicast service. Service Flow and Connection Management
    [00085] The Flow of Service and Connection Management block allocates "MS identifiers" (or station identifiers - STIDs) and "flow identifiers" (FIDs) during access / Transfer / service flow creation procedures. MS and FIDS identifiers will be discussed further below. relay function
    [00086] The relay function block includes functions to support multi-hop relay mechanisms. Functions include procedures for maintaining relay paths between BS and an access RS. self-organization
    [00087] The self-organizing block performs functions to support self-configuration and self-optimization mechanisms. Functions include procedures for requesting RSs / MSs, reporting measurements for auto configuration and auto optimization, and receiving measurements from RSs / MSs. Multicarriers
    [00088] Multicarrier block (MC) enables a common MAC entity to control a PHY spanning multiple frequency channels. Channels can be of different bandwidths (eg 5, 10 and 20 MHz), and frequency bands can be contiguous or non-contiguous. Channels can be of the same or different duplexing modes, for example, FDD, TDD, or a mixture of blur-only and bidirectional carriers. For contiguous frequency channels, the overlapping guard subcarriers are aligned in the frequency domain to be used for data transmission.
    [00089] The medium access control (MAC) includes function blocks that are related to the physical layer and link controls, such as:□ PHY Control□ Signaling Control□ Standby Mode Management□ QoS□ Programming and Multiplexing Features□ QoS□ Fragmentation / Packaging□ PDU MAC Training□ Multi-Radio Coexistence□ Data Forwarding□ Interference Management□ Inter-BS Coordination PHY control
    [00090] The PHY control block handles PHY signaling such as jitter, measure/report (CQI), and HARQ NACK/ACK. Based on CQI and HARQ ACK/NACK, the PHY control block estimates the channel quality, as seen by the MS, and performs link adaptation via modulation and coding scheme adjustment (MCS), and/or power level. In the dimming procedure, PHY control block makes uplink synchronization with power adjustment, frequency offset and clock offset estimation. Control Signaling
    [00091] Control signaling block generates resource allocation messages.
    [00092] Standby Management Block handles standby mode operation. The Standby Management Block can also generate MAC signaling related to standby operation, and can communicate with Resource Multiplexing and Schedule block to operate correctly according to the standby period. QoS
    [00093] The QoS block handles QoS management based on input of QoS parameters from the Connection Management block and service flow for each connection. Resource Multiplexing and Programming
    [00094] The Resource Multiplexing and Scheduling block schedules and multiplexes packets based on connection properties. In order to reflect connection properties Resource Multiplexing and Scheduling block receives QoS block information for each connection. ARCH
    [00095] The ARQ block handles the MAC ARQ function. For ARQ enabled connections, ARQ block logically divides MAC SDU to ARQ blocks, and numbers each logical ARQ block. ARQ block can also generate ARQ management messages as report message (ACK/NACK information). Fragmentation / Packaging
    [00096] Block Fragmentation / Packaging performs fragmentation or packaging MSDUs based on scheduling results from the Resource Multiplexing and Scheduling block. PDU MAC training
    [00097] PDU MAC Formation block builds MAC PDU so that BS/MS can transmit user traffic or management messages in PHY channel. The MAC PDU Formation block adds MAC header and can add sub-headers. multi-radio coexistence
    [00098] The multi-radio coexistence block performs functions to support simultaneous operations of IEEE 802.16m and non-IEEE 802.16m radios co-installed in the same mobile station. Data forwarding
    [00099] The Data Forwarding block performs forwarding functions when RSs are present on the path between the BS and MS. Data Forwarding block can cooperate with other blocks like Resource Multiplexing and Programming block and PDU MAC forming block. interference management
    [000100] The Interference Management block performs functions to manage inter-cell/sector interference. Operations can include:□ MAC layer operation□ Interference measurement / evaluation report sent via MAC signaling□ Interference mitigation by flexible frequency reuse and programming□ PHY layer operation□ Transmission power control□ Interference randomization□ Cancellation interference□ interference measurement□ beamforming / Tx precoding Inter-BS Coordination
    [000101] The Inter-BS coordination block performs the functions of coordinating the actions of multiple BSs through information exchange, for example, interference management. Functions include procedures for exchanging information for, for example, managing interference between BSs by backbone signaling and by MAC MS messages. The information may include interference characteristics, eg interference measurement results, etc.
    [000102] Reference is now made to Figure 11, which shows the flow of user data traffic and processing in BS 14 and SS 16. The dashed arrows show the flow of user data traffic from the network layer to the physical layer and vice versa. On the transmit side, a network layer packet is processed by the convergence sublayer, the ARQ function (if present), the fragmentation/packaging function and the MAC PDU forming function, to form MAC PDU(s) being sent to the physical layer. On the receive side, a physical layer SDU is processed by MAC PDU formation function, Fragmentation/packaging function, ARQ function (if present) and convergence sublayer function, to form the network layer packets. The solid arrows show the control primitives between the CPS functions and between the CPS and PHY that are related to the processing of user traffic data.
    [000103] Reference is now made to Figure 12, which shows the CPS control plane signaling flow and processing in the BS 16 and MS 14. On the transmission side, the dashed arrows show the control plane signaling flow from from the control plane functions to the data plane functions and the processing of the control plane signaling by the data plane functions to form the corresponding MAC signaling (e.g. MAC management messages, MAC header / sub-header) being transmitted through the air. On the receiving side, the dashed arrows show the processing of the MAC signaling received over the air by the data plane functions and the reception of the corresponding control plane signaling by the control plane functions. The solid arrows show the control primitives between the CPS functions and between the CPS and PHY that are related to control plane signaling processing. The solid arrows between M_SAP / C_SAP and MAC function blocks show the control and management primitives for / Network Management and Control System (NCMS). The primitives for / from M_SAP / C_SAP define the functionalities involved in the network, such as inter-BS interference management, inter / intra RAT mobility management, etc., and management-related functionalities such as Location Management, system configuration , etc.
    [000104] Reference is now made to Figure 13, which shows a generic protocol architecture to support a multi-carrier system. The common MAC entity can control a PHY spanning multiple frequency channels. Some MAC messages sent on one carrier may also apply to other carriers. Channels can be of different bandwidths (eg 5, 10 and 20 MHz), frequency bands can be contiguous or non-contiguous. Channels can be of different duplexing modes, for example FDD, TDD, or a mix of soft-only and bidirectional carriers.
    [000105] The common MAC entity can support simultaneous presence of MSs 16 with different capabilities, such as operating on one channel at a time only or aggregation between contiguous or non-contiguous channels.
    [000106] Embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to a MIMO communication system. The MIMO communication system can implement packet retransmission schemes that can be used according to IEEE 802.16 (e) and IEEE 802.11 (n) standards. The packet relay schemes described below may be applicable to other wireless environments, such as, but not limited to, those operating in accordance with the third generation partnership project (3GPP) and 3GPP2 standards.
    [000107] In the following description, the term "STC code mapping" is used to denote a mapping of symbols to antennas. Each symbol of such a mapping can be replaced by its conjugate (eg S1*), or a rotation (eg jS1, -S1 and -jS1), or a combination of its conjugate and a rotation (eg jS1 * ). In some embodiments, the mapping also includes a signal weight for each antenna.
    [000108] Alamouti codes can be used for STC code mappings. Figure 14 illustrates the encoding matrix 1400 for an Alamouti code.
    [000109] Tx-1 and Tx-2 in Figure 14 represent a first and second transmit antenna, respectively. Generally, Alamouti code requires two antennas on the transmitter and provides maximum transmit diversity gain for two antennas. Two antennas Tx-1 and Tx-2 are shown in Figure 14, each with a respective column. This traditional four-symbol Alamouti code can be considered a symbol-level Alamoutide code.
    [000110] Trans. 1 and Trans. 2 in Figure 4 represent a first and second transmission feature, respectively, over which a single symbol is transmitted per antenna. Each Trans transmission feature. I is associated with a set of symbols defined in the lines of the Trans transmission resource, i. The two Trans. 1 and Trans. 2 of transmissions in Figure 14 are represented by respective lines. The transmission resources over which the symbols are sent can be defined in any suitable way, although generally each antenna will transmit one symbol per Trans transmission resource, i. For example, the different Trans broadcast features. 1, Trans. 2, etc...may represent different time intervals. In such a case, according to Fig. 14, antenna Tx-1 transmits an A symbol in a first time interval of Trans. 1, while antenna Tx-2 transmits symbol B, in the same time interval as Trans. 1. In a subsequent time interval of Trans. 2, a Tx-1 antenna transmits symbol -B2*, while in the same Trans time interval. 2, Tx-2 antenna transmits A1 symbol*.
    [000111] Thus, a transmission resource Trans, i can represent a unit of time. In other examples, however, a Trans,i transmission feature may refer to other physical or logical properties, allowing it to distinguish separate occurrences of symbols. For example, Trans,i transmission resources where individual symbols are mapped in the mapping table may represent separate subcarriers, spreading sequences, OFDM intervals, or suitable combinations thereof. Indeed, any suitable form of separation transmissions can be used.
    [000112] The cells in the table each fall at the intersections of a row and a column and represent individual symbol transmissions on individual antennas. Mapping table 1400, with two columns and two rows forms a square segment 1405 having four components 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, each of which is a single cell in mapping table 1400 and corresponding to a symbol. Together, the four components form an Alamouti code. In this example, the components 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414 are quadrants of the square-shaped segment 1405. It will be understood that, according to a notation whereby a star "*" indicates a conjugate, A * represents the conjugate of A, while -B * represents the negative conjugate of B.
    [000113] In some cases, one or more transmissions may occur within the same symbol or frame and/or may be part of the same HARQ packet transmission. In other cases, each stream may correspond to a separate HARQ stream.
    [000114] A scheme for use in retransmitting a MIMO packet using four transmit antennas, and using two such mappings, derived from Alamouti code, is shown in Figure 15 illustrating a mapping table 1500 showing symbol mapping for a scheme of transmission whereby four symbols are transmitters over four antennas and two transmissions. As shown in Figure 15, the first and second retransmission of a MIMO packet takes place using 'double STTD' STC code mappings.
    [000115] More specifically, the mapping table can be divided into two segments 1505, 1510, each having four components, each component being single symbol components. Segments 1505 and 1510 each define an Alamouti encoding. In Figure 15, a first segment 1505 is found at the conjunction of antennas Tx-1, Tx-2 and Trans.1 and Trans transmissions. 2. The first segment 1505 comprises four components 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, each corresponding to a symbol. In these four components, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509 the mapping takes the form of an Alamouti code in a similar manner as in mapping table 1400. In the second segment 1510 at the conjunction of Tx-3, Tx-4 and Trans. 1, Trans. 2, four components of the same form correspond to the symbols and take the form of an Alamouti code in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 14.
    [000116] Although the segments shown in Figure 15 are contiguous, it should be understood that this need not be the case. In effect, the four components of the segments could be arranged non-adjacent in mapping table 1500. For example, segments 1505 and 1510 could be horizontally discontinuous and be on non-adjacent antennas (in table representation or in physical reality) as shown in Figure 16. In the 1600 mapping table shown in Figure 16, a similar arrangement as in Figure 15, but with the segments separating over non-adjacent antenna columns. Here, components 1606, 1608, corresponding to antenna Tx-1 and components 1607 and 1609 of antenna Tx-3 belong to a first segment 1605, while components 1611 and 1613 corresponding to antenna Tx-2 and components 1612 and 1614 Tx-4 antennas belong to a second segment 1610. In addition, segments 1605 and 1610 are discontinuous in the direction of transmission resources as well. More specifically, in the case of the first segment 1605, components 1606 and 1607 correspond to Trans transmission resource. 1, while 1608 and 1609 correspond to the Trans transmission feature. 3, while no components of the first segment 1605 occur in Trans transmission resources. 2. Likewise for the second segment 1610, components 1611 and 1612 correspond to Trans transmission resource. 1, while 1613 and 1614 correspond to Trans transmission feature. 3, whereas no component of the first segment 1605 occurs in Trans transmission resources. 2. In an alternative example, the various symbols S1, S2, S3, S4 could also be located not on the same Trans transmission. 1, but can be spread between different broadcasts. Likewise their respective conjugate or negative could not all equally be located in the same Trans transmissions. 3. In such a case, symbols S1, S2, S3, S4 must be in different transmissions and Trans, i of antennas as their negative conjugates or conjugates to guarantee a diversity of transmission (eg time) and space.
    [000117] According to mapping table 1500 shown in Figure 15, in addition to the first retransmission, the two STC code mappings defined in Table 1 can be used alternately to retransmit until the data packet is successfully decoded at the receiver. For example, symbols S1, S2, S3, S4 may contain (possibly among other information) HARQ retransmissions.
    [000118] Figure 17A shows a mapping table 1700 divided into four segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720, which in this example are four quadrants of four cells (individual cells not shown). As will be described in more detail below, each segment 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 is filled with symbols following the Alamouti code standard, but applied at one level per segment.
    [000119] Figure 7B shows the mapping table 1700 with the contents of each segment 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 shown. As shown, each segment 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 comprises four components. For example, segment 1705 comprises four single symbol components 1706, 1707, 1708 and 1709.
    [000120] The segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 together can be considered to form a larger segment 1725. To distinguish between the smaller segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 and the larger segment 1725 which is composed of smaller segments, the segments 1705, 710, 1715, 1720 may be referred to as primary segments, while segment 1725 may be referred to as a secondary segment. In this example, secondary segment 1725 makes up the entire contents of mapping table 1700, however, in other examples, there may be multiple secondary segments, each being comprised of primary segments.
    [000121] Secondary segment 1725 is composed of four sub-segments, which in this case are primary segments 1705, 1710,1715, 1720. These are multi-symbol components of secondary segment 1725. In this example, primary segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 are quadrants of the minor segment 1725. Mapping table 1700 is populated with symbols. (For simplicity, symbols are represented here as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and negative conjugates thereof. However, a more specific description of the symbols in each primary segment will be provided later, with reference to Figure 17C, where the placeholder labels A, B, C, ... have been replaced with more specific symbol labels.) More specifically, mapping table 1700 is populated in such a way as to form an Alamouti code of segment level of primary segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720. Any suitable way of applying the Alamouti code pattern to segments can be used to derive a pattern for a segment level Alamouti code. In this example, the segment-level Alamouti code pattern is such that the symbols in the primary segment 1715 are the negative conjugates of the symbols in the primary segment 1710 while the symbols in the primary segment 1720 are the same as those in the primary segment 1705.
    [000122] In this example, the Alamouti code is implemented at a segment level by ensuring that the symbols in the 1725 secondary segment follow a certain pattern. It should be understood that other patterns derived from the Alamouti code could also be used. For example, instead of replicating the primary segment 1705, the primary segment symbols 1720 could be conjugated from the primary segment symbols 1705. Alternatively, the symbols of some primary segment may represent the result of matrix operations on other primary segments, such as such as transpose operations, conjugate transpose, or other transformations. It should also be understood that the location of negative conjugates or conjugates relative to their base can be reversed. It should be understood that any code based on Alamouti, based on the Alamouti standard can be used with both the symbol and segment levels.
    [000123] For the purpose of describing the relationship between the primary segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720, their symbols have been represented as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and negative conjugates thereof. However, the effective content of each primary segment 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 may itself follow the pattern of the Alamouti code, as shown in Figure 17C. In Figure 17C, labels A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H have been replaced with S3 S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, S7 and S8, respectively. As shown, primary segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 can compose Alamouti codes. For example, primary segment 1705 comprises S1 in component 1706, S2 in component 1707, -S2* in component 1708 and S1* in component 709, thus forming an Alamouti code. It will be appreciated that the Alamouti code pattern is also present in the other primary segments.
    [000124] Thus, the sub-segment 1725, which defines a segment-level Alamouti code, comprises sub-segments that themselves define Alamouti codes. This results in a pattern of nested Alamouti codes.
    [000125] It will be appreciated that the symbols in mapping table 1700 thus form part of symbol level Alamouti codes (defined in segments 1705, 1710, 1715 and 1720) and segment level Alamouti codes (defined in segment 1725) and that, at the segment level, we have begun to move away from the symbol-level Alamouti scheme.
    [000126] Thus, mapping table 1700 can be used for a reliable transmission of four symbols S1, S2, S3, S4. The transmission scheme defined by mapping table 1700 can be used in any suitable way to transmit the symbols S1, S2, S3, S4. For example, each Trans. 1, Trans. 2, Trans. 3, Trans. 4 can be considered a separate transmission that may or may not necessarily occur. For example, if Trans. 1, Trans. 2, Trans. 3, Trans. 4 are separate time slots, a scheme for transmitting symbols S1, S2, S3 and S4 may successively involve going through all four transmissions shown in Fig. 17C at their respective times.
    [000127] Alternatively, mapping table 17C can be used as a retransmission scheme to be followed in case of a failed transmission. In such a case, a first transmission can take place using Trans transmission facility. 1. If the transmission is successful, the remaining transmission indicated in the mapping table may not take place. If the first transmission is not successful, or if it cannot be confirmed that it was successful, a second transmission may occur after mapping to Trans transmission resource. 2. This can also be done several transmissions at a time, where several transmissions over several transmission resources occur according to the mapping table, and only if these several transmissions are not successful are additional transmissions over the additional transmission resources performed according to the mapping table. This pattern may repeat until a transmission is successful or until the bottom of the table is reached, at which point retries can be made by starting over from the top of the table or the transmission can be determined to be a failure. Since the transmission resource may be a resource other than time, it is possible for subsequent transmissions/retransmissions to take place in another frame or frames.
    [000128] Optionally, repeating predefined transmission patterns can be built into the table by providing additional lines of transmission resources and populating them with repetitions of the transmission patterns. Figure 20 illustrates a mapping table 2000 comprising a block 2040 of two identical segments 2025, 2035. In one example, when the transmission resources are time slots, segment 2025 is followed by an identical copy of itself, segment 2030 .
    [000129] In the example of Figures 17A-17C, the mapping table comprises a single child segment 1725. It should be understood that a mapping table may comprise several child segments 1725. In addition, as will be described more fully below, a table of mapping can comprise additional layers of nested Alamouti code.
    [000130] Although the mapping table 1700 was composed of symbols derived from four symbols S1, S2, S3, S4, which corresponded to the number of antennas Tx-1, Tx-2, Tx-3, Tx-4, it must be understood that this such combination of the number of symbols and antenna is not necessary. For example, a mapping table can be built from fewer symbols than antennas. Additional antennas can be used to send additional or modified copies (eg conjugate and/or negative copies) of the transmitted symbols.
    [000131] Figure 18 shows a mapping table 1800 for a transmission scheme for transmission over 8 antennas Tx-1, ... Tx-8. In this example, the symbols in mapping table 1800 are all derived from the four symbols S1, S2, S3, S4. As shown, in this example, the mapping table comprises a tertiary segment 1850, which is composed of secondary segments 1825, 1830, 1835, 1840.
    [000132] As shown, the secondary segment 1825 is composed of the same symbols as the secondary segment 1725 of the example of Figure 17C. In other words, like secondary segment 1725, secondary segment 1825 is composed of four primary segments 1805, 1810, 1815, 1820, which have four single-symbol components and make up the Alamouti codes. Primary segments 1805, 1810, 1815, 1820 in secondary segment 1825 together form a segment-level Alamouti code, like primary segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720 in secondary segment 1725. Since there are eight antennas, eight symbols can be transmitted by transmission feature. Therefore, there are eight symbol cells per Trans transmission resource, i. These eight cells are filled by providing the mapping table with a secondary cell 1830, which is a copy of the secondary cell 1825. Thus secondary cell 1830 is also composed of primary segments arranged in a segment-level Alamouti code, which in themselves are Alamouti codes.
    [000133] Minor segments 1835 and 1840 are such that the minor segments 1825, 1830, 1835, 1840 themselves make up a (minor) segment-level Alamouti code. As such, the tertiary segment 1850 itself defines a segment-level Alamouti code (at the secondary segment level). Thus, there are three layers of nested Alamouti codes: the primary segments are Alamouti codes, the secondary segments are segment-level Alamouti codes (at the primary level), and the tertiary segment is a segment-level Alamouti code (at the secondary level). It should be noted that the secondary segments 1835 and 1840 are also segment-level Alamouti codes and that they can be divided into four-cell primary segments which are themselves Alamouti codes. Thus, Alamouti code nesting can preserve lower layers of Alamouti code.
    [000134] In the above example, the symbols in mapping table 1800 are all derived from the four symbols S1, S2, S3, S4. It will be understood that such triple-nesting of Alamouti codes could also be done with other symbol numbers. For example, eight symbols S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8 could have composed the first Trans transmission resource. 1, with the rest of the mapping table following the Alamouti code pattern described above. In such a case, minor segment 1830 would not be identical to minor segment 1825, but could include symbols S5, S6, S7, S8 and conjugates and/or negatives thereof.
    [000135] It should be understood that as described above in relation to primary segments, secondary segments also need not be contiguous. Also, the segments do not need to be adjacent. In addition, Alamouti codes and segment-level Alamouti codes can be cut to remove certain parts of them. For example, with reference to Figure 17A, although the secondary segment 1725 comprises all four primary segments 1705, 1710, 1715, 1720, in their entirety which together form the Alamouti code level segment, it is to be understood that the secondary segment it can include only a subset of the total segment-level Alamouti code. Some of the full segment-level Alamouti code symbols can be removed, or otherwise omitted, from the secondary segment, for example, to create a partially filled array, as shown in Figure 19. In this example, segments 1710 and 1715 were removed to create a partially filled array. As shown, mapping table 1900 of Figure 19 comprises such a partially filled matrix in a sub-segment 1925 that defines a segment-level Alamouti code which is a partial segment-level Alamouti code. Although the partially filled matrix of sub-segment 1925 comprises empty cells, it is to be understood that, in alternative embodiments, these cells may be filled with other symbols that are not part of the partial Alamouti code. It will be appreciated that partial symbol level Alamouti codes in which certain symbols have been omitted can be used as well, for example, in the case of a retransmission where some of the previously transmitted symbols have been correctly received and do not need to be retransmitted.
    [000136] The above described modalities of this application are intended to be examples only. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications and variations to particular embodiments without departing from the scope of application.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [0001]
    1. A method for transmitting data in a multi-input multiple-output space-time encoded communication characterized in that it comprises the steps of: transmitting a plurality of symbol sets over a plurality of antennas and respective transmission resources of according to a mapping table, the mapping table mapping the plurality of symbols defining communication to respective antennas among the plurality of transmit antennas and to their respective transmission resource, comprising: transmitting a first signal on a first subcarrier within an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, wherein the first signal comprises a first set of two symbols, wherein the two symbols of the first set are transmitted from respective first and third antennas of the plurality of antennas, and where the respective first and third antennas are not adjacent; transmit an s second signal on a second subcarrier, different from the first subcarrier, within the OFDM symbol, wherein the second signal comprises a second set of two symbols, wherein the two symbols of the second set are transmitted from the respective first and third antennas, in that the first and second sets of symbols form a symbol-level orthogonal first block code, wherein the second set of symbols is a transformation of the first set of symbols, wherein a specific symbol of the first set and its transformation of the second sets are transmitted from different antennas among the respective first and third antennas on the first and second subcarriers, and wherein the first and second subcarriers are separated by one or more subcarriers; and transmitting a third and fourth signal on respective third and fourth subcarriers within the OFDM symbol, wherein the third and fourth signals comprise the third and fourth respective sets of two transmitted symbols, wherein the third and fourth symbol sets form a second symbol-level orthogonal block code, wherein the two symbols of the third set are transmitted from the respective second and fourth antennas of the plurality of antennas, wherein the two symbols of the fourth set are transmitted from the respective second and fourth antennas and wherein the respective second and fourth antennas are non-adjacent.
    [0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the orthogonal block code is a symbol-level Alamouti-based code.
    [0003]
    3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the transmission comprises transmission symbols that form at least a part of a symbol-level Alamouti-based code, each orthogonal block code defining a segment.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the transformation of a given symbol comprises one or more of a negative, a complex conjugate or a negative complex conjugate of the given symbol.
    [0005]
    5. Method according to claim 4, further comprising: Transmitting a signal comprising a repetition or a modified repetition of the first and second orthogonal block codes on a plurality of subcarriers from a fifth, sixth , seventh and eighth antennas.
    [0006]
    6. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that a portion of symbols or segments of the complete Alamouti code at segment level has been omitted.
    [0007]
    7. Method for receiving data in a space-time coded multi-input multiple-output communication characterized in that it comprises the steps of: receiving a first signal from a first subcarrier within an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) , wherein the first signal comprises a first set of two symbols, wherein the two symbols of the first set are transmitted from respective first and third antennas, and wherein the respective first and third antenna are not adjacent; receiving a second signal on a second subcarrier, different from the first subcarrier, within the OFDM symbol, wherein the second signal comprises a second set of two symbols, wherein the two symbols of the second set are transmitted from the respective first and third antennas, wherein the the first and second symbol sets form a first orthogonal symbol-level block code, where the second set of symbols. symbol is a transformation of the first set of symbols, in which a specific symbol of the first set and its transformation of the second set are transmitted from different subcarriers among the first and third subcarriers on the first and second subcarriers, and where the first and the second subcarriers are separated by one or more subcarriers; and receiving a third and fourth signal on respective third and fourth subcarriers within the OFDM symbol, wherein the third and fourth signals comprise respective third and fourth sets of two transmitted symbols, wherein the third and fourth symbol sets form a second code of orthogonal block at symbol level, wherein the two symbols of the third set are transmitted from the respective second and fourth antennas, wherein the two symbols of the fourth set are transmitted from the respective second and fourth antennas, and wherein the respective second antenna and fourth antennas are not adjacent.
    [0008]
    8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the first and second subcarriers are separated by a subcarrier.
    [0009]
    9. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the orthogonal block code is a symbol-level code based on Alamouti.
    [0010]
    10. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the transformation of a given symbol comprises one or more of a negative, a complex conjugate or a negative complex conjugate of the given symbol.
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    法律状态:
    2017-10-10| B25A| Requested transfer of rights approved|Owner name: APPLE INC (US) |
    2019-01-08| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2020-01-21| B15K| Others concerning applications: alteration of classification|Free format text: A CLASSIFICACAO ANTERIOR ERA: H04B 7/06 Ipc: H04B 7/06 (2006.01), H04L 1/06 (2006.01), H04L 1/1 |
    2020-01-21| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-05-04| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-06-15| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 01/09/2010, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. PATENTE CONCEDIDA CONFORME ADI 5.529/DF |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US23914409P| true| 2009-09-02|2009-09-02|
    US61/239,144|2009-09-02|
    PCT/CA2010/001376|WO2011026236A1|2009-09-02|2010-09-01|Transmission of symbols in a mimo environment using alamouti based codes|
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